Self-Interest in Altruism

Humans are social animals that operate in groups and benefit from cooperation with others. In a group, the chances of survival for the species are higher, making the instinct for self-preservation an important motivator. Accordingly, cooperative behaviors are not only found in human societies but also in the animal and plant kingdoms, and even among bacteria. When antibiotics are introduced to a bacterial culture, resistant bacteria help less resistant ones by producing a certain substance, increasing the survival of the entire population.  

From an evolutionary standpoint, cooperation provided a decisive survival advantage. Living and working in a group increases the chances of survival compared to being alone. While this may appear altruistic at first glance, it is driven by a selfish motive: survival and the passing on of one’s genes. Nature has cleverly devised a way to promote this cooperative behavior. When people cooperate and help others, happiness hormones like dopamine are released. This leads to feelings of satisfaction and recognition, further reinforcing cooperative behavior.  

Moreover, the tendency to cooperate and help has positive effects on health. People who regularly do good for others fall ill less often and have a higher life expectancy. This could be seen as a biological reward for prosocial behavior that benefits not only the individual but the entire community. In this sense, altruism is not only a moral action but also biologically and evolutionarily sensible.

Altruistic behavior is also strongly influenced by societal morals. People are more likely to act selflessly if they feel observed and can demonstrate their morally correct behavior to others. Individuals generally seek social recognition through this behavior. Conversely, acting unethically may lead to criticism and rejection.

Altruism, however, is inhibited when people are under time pressure or do not feel observed. This suggests that external factors like social pressure and time play an important role in prosocial behavior.

People who frequently and willingly help others typically derive a deep sense of well-being from their altruistic actions. This altruism can be an important source of personal fulfillment and satisfaction. However, the coin has another side: when the need to help others becomes overwhelming and turns into an obligation, negative psychological effects such as exhaustion, depression, anxiety, or guilt can occur. In such cases, the initially positive action becomes a burden. This was particularly evident during the pandemic when the mental health of especially selfless individuals was more adversely affected. The constant concern for the well-being of others, often at the expense of their own well-being, leads to increased psychological stress. Therefore, it is crucial to find a balance between the desire to help others and self-care.

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